Chapter 12


I. Overview of estimation

A.Estimation - the inferential process of using statistics to estimate parameters.

1.Point estimation -

2.Interval estimation -

B.Difference between hypothesis testing and estimation. Really complementary techniques.

C.When to use confidence intervals.

D. Logic of interval estimation.


II. Formulas for confidence intervals


unknown population parameter = sample statistic +/- (z or t ) standard error


(Table 12.1 overhead)

A. z test



B. One sample t test



C. Two independent samples t test


D. Two related samples t test



III. Factors that Affect the Confidence Interval

A.Precision -

B.Sample size (n) -