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  3 - 9=20 September 2009
Issue No. 963
Interview = 		 
Published in Cairo=20 by AL-AHRAM established in 1875
=20 =

In spite of Islam

Moataz-Bellah Abdel-Fattah explains to Gihan = Shahine=20 why democracy is severely lacking in Muslim-majority countries = even=20 though its principles are deeply-rooted in the basic tenets of = Islam=20
Click to=20 view caption
Moataz-Bellah Abdel-Fattah; People = casting their=20 votes in Muslim-majority countries=20

As a firm believer in the benefits of democracy, = Moataz-Bellah=20 Abdel-Fattah attempts to find answers to the tough question of = whether=20 the attitude of ordinary, educated Muslims constitutes a barrier = to the=20 adoption of democracy. Abdel-Fattah is the author of eight books = and=20 several academic and journalistic articles in Arabic and = English, but=20 what is interesting about Democratic Values in the Muslim = World=20 -- and was probably the reason why the study was chosen as one = of the=20 most outstanding books in 2006 by Choice Academic Review -- is = the fact=20 that Abdel-Fattah allowed Muslims to speak for themselves rather = than=20 draw conclusions about them by equating all Muslims to "a group = of=20 extremists and anti-modernity radicals" who, according to = Abdel-Fattah,=20 "have been very vocal in their criticism of democracy".

"I used several empirical tools, such as survey and = focus-group=20 discussions, to colour a picture that has been brush-stroked in = black=20 and white in the West thanks to the Western neo-orientalist = scholarship=20 that does not distinguish between different Muslim sub-cultures = and=20 societies," Abdel-Fattah said. "Colouring the picture of = Muslims'=20 perception of democracy is analogous to breaking down the big=20 stereotypical picture into its original components."

The book concludes that Muslims are so diverse that they defy = any=20 one-size-fits-all characterisation regarding their attitudes = towards=20 democracy. Some Muslim societies are in a struggle between the=20 sub-culture of "democracy-as-a-must" versus the sub- culture of=20 "dictator... but" that justified autocracy (example: Pakistan = and=20 Algeria). Other Muslim societies (Turkey, Mali, and Malaysia) = have=20 already settled this debate by respecting democratic values and=20 institutions. Other cultures, (Saudi Arabia and the UAE) still = perceive=20 democracy as an alien concept or a solution to a problem they do = not=20 have.

"Other countries have a more complicated political culture,"=20 Abdel-Fattah said. "Egyptians, for instance, have general = acceptance of=20 democracy and give it lip service, yet they are not ready to = sacrifice=20 for it. But if the political elite decide to move forward = towards a real=20 liberal state, Egyptians would not object."

At the individual level, whether Muslims are supportive of = democracy,=20 personal experiences and perceived benefits of democratisation = play an=20 important role in shaping Muslim attitudes towards democracy. =

"We can conclude, then, that Muslims are not passionately and = irrationally anti- democratic as the popular media and some = scholars in=20 the West have often implied, but rather they are conditioned to = viewing=20 democracy with positive expectations or scepticism," = Abdel-Fattah noted.=20

This lack of democracy is, perhaps, one reason why the Muslim = umma is lagging behind in many aspects of development. = The Muslim=20 umma, said Abdel-Fattah, is generally suffering from what = scholars call "civilisation abyss". "We are not as we are = supposed to=20 be, given our resources and potential," Abdel-Fattah stated=20 matter-of-factly.

The picture may look alarming, if figures are anything to go = by.=20 Countries with Muslim majorities make up 25 per cent of the = world but=20 are responsible for 50 per cent of the world's non-democracies,=20 according to Abdel-Fattah. International human rights reports = indicate=20 that 70 per cent of the world's political prisoners are Muslims. =

A country like the US (which represents five per cent of the = world's=20 population) produces 20 per cent of world gross product, while = China=20 constitutes seven per cent of the world's economy. The Muslim=20 contribution stands as low as 3.5 per cent of world gross = product, all=20 despite the fact that their number is the same like that of = China, and=20 four times larger than that of the United States. "With few = exceptions,=20 spending on education, research and development in the Islamic = world is=20 in the order of below the global average," Abdel-Fattah told=20 Al-Ahram Weekly.

Although some Muslim countries like Turkey, Malaysia, = Indonesia, and=20 to a lesser extent Senegal and Mali, have restored their = civilisational=20 direction through taking steady steps towards modern education,=20 democratisation and economic development, the real challenge is = in the=20 Arab world, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, central Asia and = Muslim=20 minorities in other African and Asian countries. "That is where = we are=20 very close to bottom," Abdel-Fattah said. "This last group of = countries=20 are plagued by the diseases of fake modernisation such as = urbanisation=20 without industrialisation, verbal education without productive = training,=20 secularisation without scientification (ie decline of religious = ethics=20 without the rise of science and respect for law), and capitalist = greed=20 without capitalist discipline and spirit."

Abdel-Fattah heartily argues that democratisation is the only = way=20 Muslims can catch up with the Western civilisation since "it = empowers=20 people and fights corruption. Once the West managed to adopt one = form of=20 democracy or other, they moved ahead with higher levels of = development,=20 progress, scientific leaps and so on.

"Most modern inventions and discoveries that exist in the = West have=20 equivalents in the Muslim world," Abdel-Fattah argued. "Yet, = there is=20 one invention missing: democracy."

Whereas the Western mindset tends to blame Islam for why = democracy is=20 largely missing in Muslim-majority countries, Abdel-Fattah = argues that=20 Muslims have reached that state of degeneration by simply not = adhering=20 to the true tenets of Islam.

"I firmly believe the catalogue of development and progress = has basic=20 similar principles in terms of fighting corruption, despotism = and=20 mediocrity; and endorsing equality, fairness, efficiency, = meritocracy,=20 plurality of decision-making and ethics," Abdel-Fattah = explained.=20 "Muslims do not live up to the teachings of their religion and = for sure=20 have not taken the path of what is now traditionally known as = democratic=20 developmental states."

Abdel-Fattah insisted that, at the theoretical level, an = enlightened=20 reading of Islam would "definitely find lots of support for = democracy in=20 the basic tenets of Islam and the early praxis of the Prophet = and his=20 companions." Democracy- friendly aspects of Islam include = shura=20 (decision after deliberation), ijtihad (independent = reasoning),=20 racial equality, Islam's sensitivity to the needs of the poor = and weak,=20 respect for order, and Islam's great sense of justice, according = to=20 Abdel-Fattah.

At the historical level, Abdel-Fattah continued, "Muslims = have their=20 own founding fathers who were very conscientious about applying = Islamic=20 teachings, such as the first two caliphs who accepted advice, = criticism=20 and gave great examples of ethical rule." That kind of what = Abdel-Fattah=20 terms "ethical governance" shows how Islam as a religion "does = not lack=20 the ethical paradigm necessary for good governance".

However, the problem, as Abdel-Fattah sees it, is that = religious holy=20 texts are usually subject to contested interpretations. = "Conservative=20 Islamists and scholars usually emphasise elements that can be=20 "democracy-challenging" such as focussing on tawheed = (oneness of=20 God) as piety- focussed doctrine vs democracy as a = people-focussed=20 doctrine, treating democratic institutions as bedaa = (disguised=20 innovation), emphasising ijmaa that delegitimises dissent = and=20 opposition, underscoring some decontextualised texts that argue = for the=20 unequal status of women and non- Muslims in Islam, and their = narrow=20 interpretation of Islamic Sharia." Abdel-Fattah said all these = aspects=20 are barriers towards true democratisation. But the major = challenge, for=20 Abdel-Fattah, remains that "these debates have not been solved = in theory=20 among various schools of thought and Muslim leaders are left to = choose=20 among them and eventually democracy becomes the victim of these=20 religious and political contestations."

The story goes back to the first century of Islam, according = to=20 Abdel-Fattah. When the Omayyads took over the Caliphate, they = converted=20 the "ethical system" of the first two caliphs into a more = "monarchic"=20 type of governance where there was not much room for opposition = or=20 freedom of expression. What made this situation last, = Abdel-Fattah=20 chronicled, "was the role played by most Muslim scholars at the = time who=20 favoured autocratic stability over violent schisms ( = fitna ).=20 They came up with verdicts and opinions that justified autocracy = and=20 construed it as if it were part of Islam itself."

Things went from bad to worse when Muslim scholars were = introduced to=20 democracy again in the 20th century. "It came as a package: = nation-state=20 vs the caliphate, secularism vs the Sharia and democracy vs=20 shura. The great majority of Muslim scholars and = Islamists at the=20 time declined the package."

Things, however, have changed over the past 20 years. "More=20 sophisticated minds are differentiating between these aspects = and=20 increasingly perceive democracy as a modern application of = shura=20 rather than its substitute," Abdel-Fattah said.

That change, however, seems hardly seen in the West. = Abdel-Fattah=20 said that there is a widespread understanding among the masses = in the=20 West that Muslims are backward because of their religious = beliefs. "More=20 sympathetic Westerners think that Muslims live in the Dark Ages = (like=20 Europe in the 14th century). In their minds, Islam is 600 years = younger=20 than Christianity and they think Muslims caught the 14th century = European diseases of extremism, autocracy and the like."

Such public ignorance of Islam in the West has been largely = blamed=20 for the recent rise of Islamophobia and anti- Muslim sentiments. = Hate=20 crimes like the recent murder of the hijab -martyr Marwa=20 El-Sherbini at the hands of a Russian-German terrorist in a = German court=20 and the burning of a Muslim imam to death in his house in the = state of=20 California are all seen as cases in point.

Commenting on the incidents, Abdel-Fattah made reference to = Edward=20 Said's famed book Clash of Ignorance. "Ignorant = extremists in the=20 West penalise innocent Muslims for the wrongdoing of other = Muslims,"=20 Abdel-Fattah said. "Likewise, ignorant extremists in the Muslim = world=20 terrorise innocent Westerners under the pretext of Islamic = slogans. A=20 vicious circle of racism and terrorism ensues."

But for Islam not to be regarded as a threat by the West or, = in some=20 cases, by Arab regimes, Abdel-Fattah suggested it should remain = "above=20 politics; that is, it should not be used as a political tool in = the=20 hands of some political groups and not others. Any religion, = once=20 politicised, becomes a major source of political instability."=20 Abdel-Fattah added however that "clear and authentic verdicts of = Islam=20 should be respected by all political groups and parties and = should not=20 be violated."

"Constitutionally speaking, these kinds of Islamic verdicts = should be=20 supra-constitutional articles that cannot be amended or amended = with a=20 very special majority," Abdel-Fattah elaborated. "For instance, = freedom=20 of expression, banning gambling and other agreed upon teachings = of Islam=20 should not be subject to political debate."

But Abdel-Fattah would also blame the attitude of some = Muslims for=20 the widespread Western misconceptions about Islam. In this vein, = he=20 quoted the prominent Sheikh Mohamed El-Ghazali: "Muslims are = like a=20 thick barrier between the world and their religion."

"After living in the West for quite some time," Abdel-Fattah = said, "I=20 can argue that we Muslims do not act according to the great = principles=20 of Islam. Yet Westerners think that we behave wrongly because of = Islam,=20 not despite it. The terrorist attack of 11 September is a good = case at=20 hand."

Concerning 9/11, it remains arguable whether Muslims will now = fare=20 better under the new US administration. President Barack Obama's = repeated messages of reconciliation and his empathetic Cairo = speech,=20 which showed great respect for Islamic culture, has, no doubt, = inspired=20 hope that at least stereotypical views of Muslims and = anti-Muslim=20 sentiments will soon change.

Abdel-Fattah, however, provides a less optimistic outlook on = the=20 issue. "Obama knows what he has to do to serve American = interests,"=20 Abdel-Fattah said, quickly adding that "the US president also = knows that=20 he cannot win a war against all Muslims."

Abdel-Fattah's logic goes as follows: "It is self-defeating = to unify=20 one's enemies against oneself. It is better to differentiate = between=20 peaceful Muslims and extremists. Thus, his [Obama's] agenda is = to create=20 a broad alliance of Muslims and Muslim countries against their = common=20 enemies: the Islamist terrorist. Terrorism is a tree that = thrives in a=20 forest of anti- American hatred. His message is meant to dilute = this=20 hatred so as to isolate the trees of terrorism in order not to = have to=20 deal with a whole forest of extremism. Yet, political elites in = most=20 Muslim countries and most Muslims would buy this pro- Islamic = rhetoric=20 because they do not want to be in a constant struggle with the = US."

That said, Abdel-Fattah argues that "if Arab countries seize = the=20 moment and build on President Obama's peace agenda for the = Arab-Israeli=20 conflict, there will be a plausible window of opportunity." His = logic is=20 that to wage war, the decision can be made by only one side, but = to have=20 a settlement, one needs several partners with a similar agenda. = But=20 although Abdel-Fattah can see light at the end of the tunnel, he = regrets=20 that, up till now, there is yet no tunnel since "these partners = are not=20 ready; neither the Israelis nor the Palestinians."

For the negative image of Islam to change, Muslims must work=20 collectively in that direction. Scholars from Al-Azhar, = independent=20 preachers and perhaps international Islamic organisations should = all=20 "work according to some sort of strategy to create awareness = among=20 Muslims of what their true religion is.

"This will help improve the situation on the ground," = Abdel-Fattah=20 suggested. "When things improve on the ground, we will have a = good case=20 to make. We cannot persuade others that we are good just by = talking=20 about ourselves. They have to find enough evidence in support of = our=20 self-ascribed virtues. An American colleague of mine visited = Cairo among=20 other cities in the region. He described Cairo as 'dirty, dusty = and=20 disorganised' compared to Tel Aviv, for instance. Before trying = to=20 market ourselves to others as civilised people, we have to do = our=20 homework in-house first."

Muslims living in Western countries also need to better = integrate in=20 Western societies -- which, for many, remains a daunting task." =

"Most Muslims in the West behave as if they were 'economic=20 citizens'," noted Abdel-Fattah. "They want to be under the = radar, keep=20 their traditions (good and bad) and close down the gates of = cultural=20 influence. This strategy eventually produces a backlash among = the second=20 generation of Muslims who rebel against their families and their = traditions alike. That is where a paradigm shift is necessary. = Muslims=20 in the West need to understand what it means to be a Western = Muslim, not=20 just a Muslim in Europe or North America."

Moataz-Bellah Abdel-Fattah is a leading expert on Middle = Eastern=20 politics and Islamic studies and an associate professor of = political=20 science at Central Michigan University in the US and Cairo = University in=20 Egypt. He is the author of eight books and several academic and=20 journalistic articles in Arabic and English. His book = Democratic=20 Values in the Muslim World (Lynn Reinner, 2006) was chosen as = one of=20 the most outstanding books in 2006 by Choice Academic = Review.

=A9 Copyright Al-Ahram Weekly. All rights = reserved

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