Chapter 9 – Thinking and Intelligence

 

I.  Reasoning

       A.  Formal reasoning

              1.  Algorithms

              2.  Logic

                     a.  Deductive reasoning

i.  true conclusions reached from true premises, or

ii.  use of syllogisms:

                                  All As are Bs

                                  I am an A

                                  Therefore, I am a B

                     b.  Inductive Reasoning

                           i.  drawing conclusions that MAY be true from premises

                           ii.  premises don’t include all possible info

       B.  Informal reasoning

              1.  Heuristics

              2.  Dialectical reasoning

       C.  Reflective Judgment

 

II.  Barriers to Rational Reasoning

       A.  Availability and Representativeness heuristics

       B.  Avoiding loss

       C.  Confirmation bias

       D.  Mental sets

       E.  Hindsight bias

       F.  Cognitive dissonance

              1.  forced vs. free choice

              2.  violation of self-concepts

              3.  justification of effort

       G.  (automatization)

 

III.  Intelligence

       A.  Psychometric approach

              1.  Intelligence Quotient (IQ) historically

              2.  Current use of IQ

              3.  Stanford-Binet vs. WAIS

       B.  Role of culture in testing

              1.  culturally biased tests

              2.  stereotype threat

              3.  motivation for test-taking, performance

              4.  does difference = bias?

       C.  Domains of intelligence

              1.  g factor

              2.  musical

              3.  kinesthetic

              4.  insight into self, others (“emotional intelligence”)

              5.  “street smarts” or practical intelligence

       D.  Nature vs. nurture

              1.  within-group vs. between-group differences

              2.  family studies ŕ biological component

              3.  environmental component