CURRENT ANNOUNCEMENTS

Updated 12/19/07:
Thanks for taking ANT 344 this fall.

PREVIOUS ANNOUNCEMENTS & ASSIGNMENTS

Assignment for 12/04/07

• Lecture will be limited to a brief summary of CMU archaeology on Beaver Island.
• This (12/04) is the due date for multiple components of the Group Projects:
  • Each group is responsible for making a class presentation (see "Assignments" section of Blackboard).  Plan on about 20 minutes per group, for everything.
  • Each group is responsible for submitting one copy of its final report (see "Assignments" section of Blackboard).
  • In addition, each individual participant of each group should submit his/her own short essay relating in some way to the group topic (see "Assignments" section of Blackboard).

Assignment for 11/27/07

• Lecture will include additional material from the Late Woodland and early Historic Periods and will also include a discussion of the "northern tier" and Beaver Island archaeology.  Relevant readings in the Halsey text will again include parts of Ch9 and, to a lesser extent, Ch12.
• The required Museum Essay (described under "Assignments" on Blackboard) is due in class on 11/27.
• Prepare for sixth meeting of groups for Group Project.

Assignment for 11/20/07

• Prepare for lecture on the Late Woodland Period.by reading Ch9 in Halsey on Late Woodland (by Brashler, Halsey, Holman, Krakker, Martin, Stothers, and Zurel).  Also, at least skim Ch10 in Halsey on Upper Mississippian/Oneota (by McAllister, Cremin, and Halsey).
• Note that some brief but interesting material on the Middle Woodland Converse Site in Grand Rapids is accessible on Blackboard.
• Prepare for fifth meeting of groups for Group Project.

Assignment for 11/13/07

• Prepare for lecture on the Middle Woodland Period.  Review basics of the Hopewell Culture, from your ANT 175 notes, old textbooks, or other sources, as needed.  Read Ch8 in Halsey on Middle Woodland (by Kingsley, Brose, and Hambacher).
• Thanks to Alex Conell for her volunteered presentation 11/06 on her recent field experience at the Popper Site in Lake Superior!  For those interested in more information, check out the Grand Island Archaeological Program website.  It has lots of photos and maps, and though not yet updated to the 2007 summer season, might be of some interest to the group working on the "Northern Tier."
• Prepare for fourth meeting of groups for Group Project.

Assignment for 11/06/07:

• Prepare for lecture on the Early Woodland Period.  Read Ch7 in Halsey, on the Early Woodland (by Betsy Garland & Scott Beld).
• Additional recommended--not required--resources you might browse through:
  • Doreen Ozker (1982), An Early Woodland Community at the Schultz Site 20SA2 in the Saginaw Valley and the Nature of the Early Woodland Adaptation in the Great Lakes Region, on reserve.
  • Ron Mason's ((1981) Ch2 (A Quickening Pace:  The Archaic-Woodland Transition) in Great Lakes Archaeology, on reserve.
• Announcement of information now that has been posted on Blackboard:
  • Weekly class schedule for second half of semester
  • Group Project membership lists and suggested topics for coverage
  • Required Museum Essay assignment, due 11/27.
• Prepare for third meeting of groups for Group Project.

Assignment for 10/30/07:

• Prepare for lecture on the Late Archaic Period.  Read Ch6 in Halsey, on the Late Archaic (by Robertson, Lovis, and Halsey).
• Prepare for second meeting of groups for Group Project.

Assignment for 10/23/07:

• Prepare for lecture on the transition from late phases of Paleo-Indian into the Early Archaic Period.  Read Ch4 in Halsey on Early Archaic (by Mike Shott), and at least skim through Ch5 on Middle Archaic (by Bill Lovis).
• Form into six groups to organize for a required Group Project; initial organization and planning.
• Weekly schedule announced for second half of semester.
• Required Museum Essay announced.

Announcements for 10/16/07:

• Midterm on 10/16.  This will be a mixed format (objective + essay) test over everything covered up through early phases of Paleo-Indian.  Review materials available to registered ANT 344 students on Blackboard.
• Interesting example of historical archaeology and Native American collaboration/ participation in archaeological research:  American Indians bless search for Harvard roots:  Ceremony kicks off dig for Indian College (9/28/07).
• Public lecture:  "Columbus... What's the Bigger Picture?" by Chelsea Mead (a recent CMU anthropology graduate) at noon on Friday 10/12.  See link for details.
• Reminder that it's Michigan Archaeology Month, all through October.  One recent event was Michigan Archaeology Day:  10/07/07, Mackinaw City.

Assignment for 10/09/07:

• As for 10/02:  Finish Ch3 in Halsey on Paleo-Indians.

Assignment for 10/02/07:

• Read Ch3 in Halsey, "The Paleo-Indians:  Michigan's First People," by Mike Shott and Henry Wright.
• Note:  There is an on-line, pdf version of the Farrand 1988 reprint listed as optional reading last week and placed on reserve as a Vertical File.  Some of the maps and graphics shown in class were taken from this source.  It's an easy-to-read summary prepared as a pamphlet for the DEQ, though a few details are overruled by the more recently written chapters in Halsey.
  • W. R. Farrand, 1988:  "The Glacial Lakes around Michigan,"  Bulletin 4, Geological Survey Division, Michigan Department of Environmental Quality.
• Looking ahead, we will need to have our midterm in either Weeks 8 or 9, that is, 10/16 or 10/23.  It will not be before 10/16.

Assignment for 09/25/07:

• Required:  complete the first two chapters in Halsey
  • Ch1, "A Century of Great Lakes Levels Research..." by E. Larson
  • Ch2, "Michigan Late Pleistocene, Holocene, and Presettlement Vegetation and Climate," by R. Kapp
• Strongly recommended but not required:
  • Ch2, "The Inland Seas:  Their Geology and Biology," in R. Mason, 1981 and 2002, Great Lakes Archaeology.
• Optional:  additional readings soon to be on reserve for ANT 344
  • Farrand, W. R.  1988.  The Glacial Lakes around Michigan.  [good summary]
  • Farrand, W. R.  1977.  Revision of the Two Rivers ("Valders") Drift Border and the Age of Fluted Points in Michigan.
  • Wright, H. E.  1976.  Ice Retreat and Revegetation in the Western Great Lakes Area.

Assignment for 09/18/07:

• Get started on the first two chapters in Halsey.  These will be the subject of class on both 9/18 and 9/25.
  • Ch1, "A Century of Great Lakes Levels Research..." by E. Larson
  • Ch2, "Michigan Late Pleistocene, Holocene, and Presettlement Vegetation and Climate," by R. Kapp
• Suggested, not required:  Ch2 of R. Mason (Great Lakes Archaeology), on reserve, for a more readable (but less current) discussion of "The Inland Seas:  Their Geology and Biology."
• Reminder from last week:  Ch2 ("Environments of Michigan") in Fitting, on reserve, has some useful material.  Suggested, not required.

Assignment for 09/11/07:

• Be sure that you have familiarized yourself with basic concepts and issues concerning repatriation and NAGPRA, as previously assigned (see 09/04 assignment below).
• Read and think about Cleland's Ch2 ("A Sense of Time, A Sense of Place") in the Rites of Conquest textbook.
• Some suggested--NOT required--additional readings:
  • Ch1 ("At the End:  The Beheading of Prehistory") in Ronald Mason's Great Lakes Archaeology, on reserve for ANT 344.  This is a nice complement to the Cleland chapter above, concerning existing cultures of the Great Lakes region at the time of early European contact.  Take care not to confuse this text with the book on Wisconsin also on reserve, but Ronald's wife Carol.
  • Ch2 ("Environments of Michigan") in James Fitting's The Archaeology of Michigan, also on reserve.
• NOTE:  A number of useful sources for ANT 344 are now available on reserve, including those mentioned above, some for three-day checkout and others for 24 hours.  I urge everyone to become familiar with the Fitting and Mason texts noted above; both are long out of print and, in some ways, out of date, but both are nevertheless excellent sources for many aspects of Michigan archaeology.  I will suggest, but probably not require, readings from one or both textbooks from time to time.

Assignment for 09/04/07:

• Read Cleland, Ch1.
• Find out about repatriation and NAGPRA; what are these all about, what are major issues relating to these terms, how do they apply in Michigan, what ramifications do they have for archaeological research, including Michigan archaeology?  There are many useful resources you can find on the internet.  Helpful hint:  check out the Repatriation section of the ANT Student Resources web page.  You may work separately or together with others on this.

08/28/07
Welcome to Michigan Archaeology!

• This web page will be used to provide most internet resources for ANT 344.
• Certain course information may be posted on Blackboard, not here; if so, it will always be announced here as well.  See Blackboard link, above.

ABSTRACT

Michigan archaeology from the first peopling of the area to historic times. Changing adaptive patterns examined in the context of the Great Lakes region and North America generally.

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COURSE DESCRIPTION

       This course is intended for students with a sincere interest in learning more about the Native American heritage of the Great Lakes region, especially the upper Great Lakes and Michigan. The basic subject matter is an overview of the prehistory and history of Native Americans mainly within the upper Great Lakes region, including all of Michigan and parts of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Ontario, and New York. Some areas within this large region are emphasized in class more than others, for example the greater Saginaw valley and the northern Lake Michigan area.

       The culture history of the upper Great Lakes is covered in four major periods: (1) Paleo-Indian, the period of initial, Ice-Age colonization; (2) Archaic, when people adapted to life in the forests; (3) Woodland, a time of increasingly settled part-time farmers and potters; and (4) Historic, especially the early centuries of contact with European fur traders, missionaries, and settlers. The course takes an evolutionary approach to Michigan's past, examining archaeological evidence for the gradual evolutionary progression of cultures through time, and seeking anthropological explanations for these processes of change.

       Despite abundant references to Michigan's Indian heritage in place names, logos, school mascots, and tourism, most non-Indians still think of this heritage– if at all– in a misguided context of tepees, tomahawks, and war bonnets. ANT 344 provides an opportunity for interested students to gain a deeper, factually-based understanding of perhaps 12,000 years of non-white, human occupation in this region within a broad context of North American anthropology and archaeology.

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COURSE OBJECTIVES

       Major objectives of students taking this course should be to acquire at least a basic awareness and understanding of the following:

• The goals, methods, and limitations of archaeology as a branch of anthropology and in relation to other social and natural sciences

• The culture history of the upper Great Lakes region, and its relationship to (a) North American prehistory and (b) present-day concerns of Michigan Indians

• Anthropological efforts to describe and explain basic processes of cultural evolution, especially in this region

       One further goal of great importance is to gain greater familiarity with and appreciation for cultures other than our own. ANT 344 exposes us to non-European cultural development spanning some 12,000 years in our own back yard. It is an opportunity to broaden our cultural horizons!

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PREREQUISITES

       It is helpful if students have already taken an introductory anthropology or archaeology course. ANT 175 (Archaeology of the Americas) is recommended but not required, and ANT 170 (Cultural Anthropology) and ANT 320 (North American Indian Cultures) also provide helpful background material. The only real expectation is that students be motivated to learn about the prehistory of human populations in Michigan.

       Those with no prior instruction in anthropology may wish to browse through an introductory reader in general archaeology, some of which are listed in the bibliography and are available in the library. This is optional but probably advisable for those who find archaeology to be a very new and unfamiliar subject.

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CMU POLICY ON ACADEMIC INTEGRITY

       All academic work is expected to be in compliance with this policy. Copies are available on the CMU website shown below and in the Academic Senate Office, Room 108, Bovee University Center. Cheating in any form may not only affect a student’s grade for this course but may also become part of his/her permanent academic record!

http://academicsenate.cmich.edu/NonCad/ACADEMIC_INTEGRITY_POLICY.pdf/

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CMU POLICY ON CLASSROOM CIVILITY

       Each CMU student is encouraged to help create an environment during class that promotes learning, dignity, and mutual respect for everyone. Students who speak at inappropriate times, sleep in class, display inattention, take frequent breaks, interrupt the class by coming to class late, engage in loud or distracting behaviors, use cell phones or pagers in class, use inappropriate language, are verbally abusive, display defiance or disrespect to others, or behave aggressively toward others may be asked to leave and may be subjected to disciplinary action, as set forth under the Code of Student Rights, Responsibilities and Disciplinary Procedures:

http://www.cmich.edu/policies-procedures/code-student-rights.htm

K  FFF  Turn off those cell phones and pagers before class starts!  FFF  7

DISABILITY ACCOMMODATIONS

CMU provides individuals with disabilities reasonable accommodations to participate in educational programs, activities, and services. Students with disabilities requiring accommodations to participate in class activities or meet course requirements should first register with the office of Student Disability Services (Park Library 120; phone 517-774-3018) and then contact the professor as soon as possible.

Student Disability Services

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ANTHROPOLOGY MAJOR/MINOR

       Students thinking about majoring or minoring in any branch of anthropology are strongly encouraged to do so as soon as possible. Inquiries may be directed to the instructor or to the department office (AN142; phone 774-3160). Information on either program is available in the Undergraduate Bulletin and on the web:

http://www.chsbs.cmich.edu/sasw/degree.html

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TEXTBOOKS

Required:

• Cleland, Charles E.
  1992. Rites of Conquest:  The History and Culture of Michigan's Native Americans. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
• Halsey, John R., editor
  1999.  Retrieving Michigan’s Buried Past: The Archaeology of the Great Lakes State. Bulletin 64. Bloomfield Hills, MI: Cranbrook Institute of Science.
• Reserve Desk and/or Blackboard Readings:  as indicated each week in class.

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COURSE ASSIGNMENTS

       Until 1999, there were no suitable textbooks specifically on Michigan or Great Lakes archaeology available for this course. Each of the major texts from previous decades– Mason (1981), Fitting (1970), Quimby (1960), and Hinsdale (1931) – is out of date, and worse still, long out of print. Some are available in public and academic libraries of Michigan, and the Mason text was recently reprinted, but not as a revised and fully updated edition (see bibliography below). This long-running textbook crisis was partially alleviated with the even longer-awaited 1999 publication of Retrieving Michigan’s Buried Past. Under the editorship of John Halsey, State Archaeologist of Michigan, this work combines the contributions of many specialists and is reasonably current, although some of the chapters were written and submitted long before the book went to press. Some sections are written at a level that may be challenging to those new to the subject, so one of the goals of class sessions will be to assist students in grasping key points from the assigned readings.

       A second text useful for this course is Charles Cleland’s Rites of Conquest. This book provides a succinct though somewhat dated overview of Michigan archaeology, a helpful ethnographic description of Michigan’s native peoples, and a summary of their history since the arrival of Europeans.

       Readings will be assigned from both texts and should complement– but will not replace– the lectures. In addition, other readings may be assigned through the Reserve Desk in the library and/or by electronic means (such as Blackboard). These will be specified in class as either "recommended" or "required."

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INTERNET

       A Web page has been created specifically for ANT 344 and may be accessed from the faculty Web address indicated on the first page. Other course materials or resources may be posted from time to time via Blackboard; any such postings will be indicated in the Announcements section of the web page as well.

       The ANT 344 web page duplicates much of the information in this syllabus and also makes available occasional announcements, other course information, and useful links to other Web pages relevant to the course. The internet is continually changing, so you may find some of the listed addresses no longer work. Alternatively, you may follow other links to an excellent archaeological internet site not yet listed for the course. In either case, please bring this information to the attention of the instructor.
 

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ATTENDANCE

Mandatory! This class will be run in part as a discussion seminar, and all students registered for the class are expected to attend. Anyone with a good reason for missing all or part of a class should notify the instructor in writing– preferably in advance. Obviously, students who miss class are responsible for making up material from the lecture as much as possible.

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EVALUATION

Course grades will be determined approximately as follows:

• Test #1:  30%
• Test #2:  30%
• Research Project:  20%
• Miscellaneous:  20% (may include class participation, attendance, class presentations, quizzes, assignments, and/or short papers)

The exams will separately cover each half (approximately) of the course. The format of each will be at least partly essay but may also include objective questions (multiple choice, true/false, and/or matching) and map exercises. Exams will be based mainly on material covered in class (lecture, videos, slides, etc.) and on readings, especially those that overlap with topics covered in lecture. The specific coverage, format, and dates of each exam will be announced well in advance.

The independent project will be a research paper on a topic that must first be approved by the instructor. Specific deadlines will be announced for various phases of the project: topic selection; preliminary abstract or basic outline; tentative bibliography; (optional) first drafts; and final submission. In addition, students may be encouraged or required to make a presentation to the class about their research.

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ORGANIZATION

I. INTRODUCTION

• Doing archaeology in Michigan: interests & constraints
• Basics: funding, reporting, survey, excavation, analysis
• Dating
• NAGPRA

II. ETHNOGRAPHIC PRESENT

• Cultural identity and groupings
• Kinship & descent
• Social status differentiation
• Political organization

III. UPPER GREAT LAKES NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS

• Physical landscape
• Biotic provinces
• Pleistocene basics
• Lake formation and changes

IV. PALEO-INDIAN

• North American Paleo-Indians: technology, bands, settlement & subsistence
• Peopling of North American & the Upper Great Lakes region
• Upper Great Lakes Paleo-Indians: general considerations & specific sites
• Late Paleo-Indian - Early Archaic transitions

Test #1, on Units I-IV

V. ARCHAIC

• Eastern Woodlands Archaic: general considerations; stage vs period
• Early & Middle Archaic Period
• Late Archaic adaptations, population growth, burial practices, Saginaw V

VI. WOODLAND

• Major developments of the Woodland Period in the Eastern Woodlands region
• Late Archaic - Early Woodland transitions and Early Woodland occupations in the Great Lakes
• Middle Woodland and Hopewell
• Late Woodland I and II; Iroquois incursions into Michigan
• Beaver Island archaeology & history

Test #2, on Units IV-VI

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

* On Reserve @ In Clarke Library

Basic Readings in Archaeology

Ashmore, Wendy, and Robert J. Sharer
2006 *Discovering Our Past: A Brief Introduction to Archaeology. 4th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Crabtree, Pam J., and Douglas V. Campana
2006 Exploring Prehistory: How Archaeology Reveals Our Past. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Eddy, Frank W.
1991 Archaeology: A Cultural-Evolutionary Approach. 2nd edition. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Fagan, Brian M.
2006 *Archaeology: A Brief Introduction. 9th Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Feder, Kenneth L.
2007 The Past in Perspective: An Introduction to Human Prehistory. 4th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Sharer, Robert J., and Wendy Ashmore
2003 Archaeology: Discovering Our Past. 3rd Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.
 

Readings in North American Archaeology

Bray, Warwick, E. Swanson, and I. Farrington
1989 The Ancient Americas.  New York: Peter Bedrick Books.

Coe, Michael D., D. Snow, and E. Benson
1986 *Atlas of Ancient America. New York: Facts on File.

Fagan, Brian M.
2003 The Great Journey: The Peopling of Ancient America. Updated edition. London: Thames and Hudson.
2005 *Ancient North America: The Archaeology of a Continent. Fourth Edition. New York: Thames and Hudson.

Fiedel, Stuart J.
1992 *Prehistory of the Americas. Second Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Jablonski, Nina, editor
2002 The First Americans: The Pleistocene Colonization of the New World. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences No. 27. San Francisco: University of California.

Jennings, Jesse D.
1989 Prehistory of North America. Third edition. Mountainview, CA: Mayfield.

Jennings, Jesse D., ed.
1983 *Ancient North Americans. San Francisco: Freeman.

Kopper, Philip
1986 North American Indians Before the Coming of the Europeans. 288 pp., Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books.

Morrow, Juliet E., and Cristóbal Gnecco, editors
2006 Paleoindian Archaeology:  A Hemispheric Perspective. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.

Neusius, Sarah W., and G. Timothy Gross
2006 Seeking Our Past: An Introduction to North American Archaeology. New York: Oxford University Press.

Price, T. Douglas, and Gary M. Feinman
2008 Images of the Past. Fifth Edition. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield.

Smith, Bruce D.
2007 Rivers of Change: Essays on Early Agriculture in Eastern North America. University of Alabama Press.
 

Cleland, Charles E.
1966 The Prehistoric Animal Ecology and Ethnozoology of the Upper Great Lakes. Anthropological Papers, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 29.

Farrand, William R.
1976 Was There Really a Valders? Michigan Academician 8:477-86.
1977 Revision of the Two Rivers "Valders" Drift Border and the Age of Fluted Points in Michigan. In For the Director: Essays in Honor of James B. Griffin, edited by Charles E. Cleland. University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology, Anthropological Papers 61, pp. 74-84.

Holman, J. Alan
1995 Ancient Life of the Great Lakes Basin: Precambrian to Pleistocene. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Hough, Jack L.
1958 Geology of the Great Lakes. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.

Hough, Jack L.
1963 The Prehistoic Great Lakes of North America. American Scientist 51(1):84-109.

Kapp, Ronald O.
1977 Late Pleistocene and Postglacial Plant Communities of the Great Lakes Region. In Geobotany, edited by Robert C. Romans. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 1-27.

Larsen, Curtis E.
1985 Geoarchaeological Interpretation of Great Lakes Coastal Environments. In Archaeological Sediments in Context, edited by J. K. Stein and W. R. Farrand, pp. 91-110, Orono Maine: Institute for Quaternary Studies.

Quimby, George I.
1958 Fluted Points and Geochronology of the Lake Michigan Basin. American Antiquity 23:247-59.

Quimby, George I.
1963 A New Look at Geochronology in the Upper Great Lakes. American Antiquity 28:558-59.

Storck, Peter
1984 Glacial Lake Algonquin and Early Paleo-Indian Settlement Patterns in South-central Ontario. Archaeology of Eastern North America 12:286-298.

Readings in Michigan/ Great Lakes Archaeology

Bettarel, Robert L., and Hale G. Smith
1973 The Moccasin Bluff Site and the Woodland Cultures of Southwest Michigan. University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology, Anthropological Paper 49.

Binford, Lewis R., and George Quimby
1972 Indian Sites and Chipped Stone Materials in the Northern Lake Michigan Area. In: An Archaeological Perspective, edited by L. Binford, pp. 346-372. New York: Seminar Press.

Brashler, Janet B.
1981 Early Late Woodland Boundaries and Interaction: Indian Ceramics of Southern Lower Michigan. Michigan State University Anthropological Series 3(3).

Brashler, Janet G., and Margaret B. Holman
1985.  Late Woodland Continuity and Change in the Saginaw Valley of Michigan. Arctic Anthropology 22(2):141-152.
2004.  Middle Woodland Adaptation in the Carolinian/Canadian Transition Zone of Western Lower Michigan. In An Upper Great Lakes Archaeological Odyssey: Essays in Honor of Charles E. Cleland, edited by William A. Lovis, pp. 14-29, Cranbrook Institute of Science.

Brose, David S.
1970 The Archaeology of Summer Island: Changing Settlement Systems in Northern Lake Michigan. University of Michigan, Museum of Anthropology, Anthropological Papers 41. Ann Arbor.

Brose, David S.
1978 The Late Prehistoric Period in the Upper Great Lakes. In Northeast, vol.15, edited by Bruce G. Trigger, in Handbook of North American Indians, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology.

Clark, Caven P.
1986 The Prehistory of the Birch Run Road Site, Saginaw County, Michigan. Michigan Archaeologist 32(1-2):1-93.

Cleland, Charles E.
1982 The Inland Shore Fishery of the Northern Great Lakes: Its Development and Importance in Prehistory. American Antiquity 47(4)761-784.
1992.  Rites of Conquest: The History and Culture of Michigan's Native Americans. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.

Dawson, K.C.A.
1984 A History of Archaeology in Northern Ontario in 1983 With Bibliographic Contributions. Ontario Archaeology 42:27-92.

Deller, D. B., and C. J. Ellis
1992 Thedford II: A Paleo-Indian Site in the Ausable River Watershed of Southwestern Ontario. Memoirs No. 24. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology.

Engelbrecht, W.E.
1974 The Iroquois: Archaeological Patterning on the Tribal Level. World Archaeology 6:52-65.

Fisher, Daniel C.
1987. Mastodon Procurement by Paleoindians of the Great Lakes Region:  Hunting or Scavenging?  In The Evolution of Human Hunting, edited by M. Nitecki and D. Nitecki, pp. 309-421.  Plenum, New York.

Fitting, James E.
1969 Settlement Analysis in the Great Lakes Region. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 25(4):360-377.
1971 Scheduling in a Shared Environment: Late Period Land Use in the Saginaw Valley of Michigan. Ontario Archaeology 16:36-42.
1975 Climatic Change and Cultural Frontiers in Eastern North America. Michigan Archaeologist 21(1):25-40.

Fitting, James E. 1975 *The Archaeology of Michigan. Reprinted. Cranbrook Institute, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. Originally published 1970, The Natural History Press, Garden City, New York.

Fitting, James E., editor
1972 The Schultz Site at Green Point. Memoir 4, Museum of Anthropology. University of Michigan.

Fitting, James E., and Charles E. Cleland
1969 Late Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in the Upper Great Lakes. Ethnohistory 16:289-302.

Fitting, James E., Jerry DeVisscher, and Edward J. Wahla 1966 The Paleo-Indian Occupation of the Holcombe Beach. University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology, Anthropological Paper 27.

Ford, Richard I.
1974 Corn From the Straits of Mackinac. Michigan Archaeologist 20(2):97-104.

Gramley, R.M.
1977 Deerskins and Hunting Territories: Competition For a Scarce Resource of the Northeastern Woodlands. American Antiquity 42:60-605.

Griffin, James B.
1961 Lake Superior Copper and the Indians: Miscellaneous Studies of Great Lakes Prehistory. University of Michigan, Museum of Anthropology, Anthropological Papers No. 17. Ann Arbor.

Griffin, James B., Richard E. Flanders, and Paul F. Titterington
1970 *The Burial Complexes of the Knight and Norton Mounds in Illinois and Michigan. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan No. 2. Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Hanks, Christopher C.
1988 The Foxie Otter Site: A Multicomponent Occupation North of Lake Huron. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Anthropological Paper No. 79. Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Hinsdale, W. B.
[1925] Primitive Man in Michigan: Indians and Michigan Pre-History. Ann Arbor: University Museum, University of Michigan [reprinted 1992 by Lake Superior Press, Marquette].
1931 Archaeological Atlas of Michigan. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.

Holman, Margaret B., Janet G. Brashler, and Kathryn E. Parker, editors
1996 *[ordered for 1997] Investigating the Archaeological Record of the Great Lakes State: Essays in Honor of Elizabeth Baldwin Garland. Kalamazoo: New Issues Press, College of Arts and Sciences, Western Michigan University.

Janzen, Donald E.
1939 The Naomikong Point Site and the Dimensions of Laurel in the Lake Superior Region. Anthropological Papers, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan No. 36. Ann Arbor.

Klinger, Timothy C.
1975  The Cater Site: A Nineteenth-Century Homestead on the Chippewa River. Chippewa Nature Center. CLARKE: F 572.M6.K55 1975.

Lovis, William A.
1985 Seasonal Settlement Dynamics and the Role of the Fletcher Site in the Woodland Adaptations of the Saginaw Drainage Basin. Arctic Anthropology 22:(2):153-170.
2002 Late Gainey/Early Parkhill Phase Paleo Indian Penetration of Michigan's Northern Lower Peninsula:  A Paleo Indian Preform from East Lake, Kalkaska County.  Michigan Archaeologist 48(no.3-4).

Lovis, William A., editor
2004 An Upper Great Lakes Archaeological Odyssey:  Essays in Honor of Charles E. Cleland. Cranbrook Institute of Science and Wayne State University Press. [Clarke:  F551 .U67 2004]

Lovis, William A., Kathryn C. Egan-Bruhy, Beverly A. Smith, and G. William Monaghan
2001 Wetlands and Emergent Horticultural Economies in the Upper Great Lakes: A New Perspective from the Schultz Site. American Antiquity 66(4): 615-632.

Mainfort, Jr., Robert C.
1996 Time and the Fletcher Site. In: Investigating the Archaeological Record of the Great Lakes State: Essays in Honor of Elizabeth Baldwin Garland, edited by M. B. Holman, J. G. Brashler, and K. E. Parker, pp. 415-454. Kalamazoo: New Issues Press, Western Michigan University.

Martin, Susan R.
1989 A Reconsideration of Aboriginal Fishing Strategies in the Northern Great Lakes Region. American Antiquity 54(3):594-604.

Mason, Carol I.
1988 *Introduction to Wisconsin Indians: Prehistory to Statehood. Salem, WI: Sheffield Publishing.

Mason, Ronald J.
1958.  Late Pleistocene Geochronology and the Paleo-Indian Penetration into the Lower Michigan Peninsula.  Anthropological Papers, No. 11, Ann Arbor:  University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology.
1976.  Ethnicity and Archaeology in the Upper Great Lakes. In Cultural Change and Continuity, edited by C.E. Cleland, pp. 349-361. Academic Press, New York.
1981.  *Great Lakes Archaeology. Academic Press, New York.
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